Themes in Education - 7729 Words

THEMES IN EDUCATION ACTION RESEARCH by Eileen Ferrance Northeast and Islands Regional Educational Laboratory At Brown University a program of The Education Alliance ACTION RESEARCH by Eileen Ferrance Northeast and Islands Regional Educational Laboratory At Brown University The LAB, a program of The Education Alliance at Brown University, is one of ten educational laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Education’s Office of Educational Research and Improvement. Our goals are to improve teaching and learning, advance school improvement, build capacity for reform, and develop strategic alliances with key members of the region’s education and policy making community. The LAB develops educational products and†¦show more content†¦Rather than dealing with the theoretical, action research allows practitioners to address those concerns that are closest to them, ones over which they can exhibit some influence and make change. Practitioners are responsible for making more and more decisions in the operations of schools, and they are being held publicly accountable for student achievement results. The process of action research assists educators in assessing needs, documenting the steps of inquiry, analyzing data, and making informe d decisions that can lead to desired outcomes. This booklet discusses several types of action research, its history, and a process that may be used to engage educators in action research. Two stories from the field, written by teachers about their own reflections on the process, are given as illustrations of action research. Action Research What is Action Research? Action research is a process in which participants examine their own educational practice systematically and carefully, using the techniques of research. It is based on the following assumptions: †¢ Teachers and principals work best on problems they have identified for themselves †¢ Teachers and principals become more effective when encouragedShow MoreRelatedCommon Themes Of Inclusive Education Essay1221 Words   |  5 PagesThe Discussion Findings The reviewed literature revealed several common themes regarding inclusive education. The first common theme is teacher attitudes toward inclusion. Almost all of the studies revealed that negative perspectives about inclusive education make schools that try to implement inclusive classrooms likely candidates for failure. One of the primary influencing factors of teachers’ negative perceptions is that of the teachers’ lack of confidence in their ability to teach specialRead MoreThemes Of Education In Waiting For Superman1523 Words   |  7 Pagesemotions attached with the desire for a child to receive the best education that can be offered. Dramatic change and the best education able to be offered are widely associated with charter schools throughout the film. Statistics and comparisons further aid the viewer to conceptualize the importance of charter schools and their beneficial impact on a child’s education. Metaphors are also relied on to emphasize the abi lity education has to produce a life of success or failure. Waiting for SupermanRead MoreA Discussion Of Different Themes Within Education1513 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout this assessment there is a discussion of two different themes within education. The two themes include; the analysis and discussion of; back to basics cultural restoration; and subject based/ topic based curriculum - the control of curriculum organisation. These themes are analysed by comparing and contrasting one another linking to many aspects within education including: teacher morale, educational theorists and influences such as: Social, cultural and political. Maria MontessoriRead MoreTheme Of Education In Heidi By Johanna Spyri1571 Words   |  7 PagesEducation is a key theme in Johanna Spyri’s ‘Heidi’, which is clearly presented through the publication titles of the story: ‘Heidi: her years of wandering and learning’ and ‘Heidi: how she used what she learnedâ⠂¬â„¢. Here, the education Heidi undergoes in the house is informal, which is classified as: Learnings from incidents, radio, television, films, elders, peers, and parents get classified as informal education. Informal learning helps little ones to grow and adapt to the ways and traditions ofRead More Hard Times - The Theme of Education Essay2699 Words   |  11 PagesHard Times - The Theme of Education In this piece I intend to explain how Dickens is trying to represent education in the Victorian era and how he feels about the style of teaching that is widely used during his times. I also intend to make references to how the representation of Victorian schools by Dickens compares, historically to the actual conditions in a school from the Victorian era. As soon as the book begins we are introduced to a style of teaching that is dependent only onRead Moreâ€Å"Theme of Education in Charlotte Brontes ‘Jane Eyre’†2148 Words   |  9 Pagesher search for an identity starts here and has a great impact on her. Jane Eyre provides an accurate view of education in nineteenth-century England, as seen by an 1840s educator. The course of Janes life in regard to her own education and her work in education are largely autobiographical, mirroring Charlotte Brontes own life. Janes time at Lowood corresponds to Charlottes education at a school for daughters of the clergy, which she and her sisters Maria, Elizabeth and Emily left for in 1824Read Moreâ€Å"Theme of Education in Charlotte Brontes ‘Jane Eyre’†2163 Words   |  9 Pagesher search for an identity starts here and has a great impact on her. Jane Eyre provides an accurate view of education in nineteenth-century England, as seen by an 1840s educator. The course of Janes life in regard to her own education and her work in education are largely autobiographical, mirroring Charlotte Brontes own life. Janes time at Lowood corresponds to Charlottes education at a school for daughters of the clergy, which she and her sisters Maria, Elizabeth and Emily left for in 1824Read MoreHow Does Orwell Explore the Theme of Education in Animal Farm?1413 Words   |  6 PagesOrwell Explore The Theme Of Education In Animal Farm? ‘All animals are equal but some animals are more equal than others’. George Orwell writes this toward the end of his highly acclaimed allegory, Animal Farm. From this single statement we can tell quite a bit about Orwell’s views on education which he puts across strongly throughout the novel. A message I see that this statement portrays is that everyone has the right to an education but some people were getting a better education than others at theRead MoreThree Learning Themes Relevant to My Concept of Education Essay examples1939 Words   |  8 PagesIn this essay I intend to discuss three learning themes that I consider relevant to my concept of education. The themes which I have chosen to discuss in this paper are; working in small groups, working independently and working with the gifted and or talented. The first two themes represent the two types of environment which I consider individuals are required to operate within during the course of life. The third I have chosen for the reason that I have previously written on individuals with learningRead More Effects of Religious Education on Theme and Style of James Joyces The Portrait of the Artist as a3465 Words   |  14 PagesEffects of Religious Education on Theme and Style of James Joyces The Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Although Joyce rejected Catholic beliefs, the influence of his early training and education is pervasive in his work. The parallels between Biblical text and The Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man are abundant. As Cranly says to Stephen, It is a curious thing, do you know, how your mind is supersaturated with the religion in which you say you disbelieve (232). The novel progresses

The Forest of Good and Evil in Young Goodman Brown”by...

The Forest of Good and Evil In â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† by Nathaniel Hawthorne, the author tells a story of a man named Goodman Brow. From the beginning to the end of the story, Hawthorne uses suspense, mystery, and conflict to create an interesting journey for his protagonist, who walks through the woods at night. However, there is more in it than just the story by itself; it is full of many forms of symbolism for the character names in every part of the story. Throughout the many symbols and elements, the story of â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† suggests the idea that man always faces an internal conflict between good and evil, and when the wrong path is chosen, the effects of this can cause one to fill with doubt for the rest of his life. The†¦show more content†¦The mutual connection between these two characters is just not the bond between husband and wife. Rather, it shows the inner struggle that human faces to maintain religious beliefs in the face of evil. The setting also plays a significant role in showing the true meaning of this story; which takes place in a dark forest near the small town of Salem. Salem is a city where the famous Salem Witch trials take place, and at night, people are considered devil worshipers during this era. There is no doubt that Hawthorne already knows this place very well, and this is the main reason he makes this place his setting for the plot. For years and years now, forests have represented danger and darkness. They are black everywhere and there is always something that is waiting to attack; even Goodman Brown presents his fear when he walks through the woods at night and talks to himself: There may be a devilish Indian behind every tree. What if the devil himself should be at my very elbow (Hawthorne 1). In fact, he starts meeting people in the forest who are socially and religiously great people. Particularly Goody Cloyse who is a teacher of the catechism. Catechism is a schooling of the Bible in th e Christian religion. Meting these â€Å"good† people in the forest, which is the last place he would expect them to be, is an example of irony because these people turn out to be Satan worshiper’sShow MoreRelated Nathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Browns Apocalypse Essay1006 Words   |  5 PagesNathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Browns Apocalypse      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Most criticism and reflection of Nathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown centers on a good versus evil theme. Critics also debate interpretations of the main characters consciousness; is Brown awake or dreaming.   What is certain is that he lives and dies in pain because his belief in his righteousness isolates him from his community.   It is also certain that Hawthornes interpretation of Browns mid-lifeRead More Ambiguity and Uncertainty in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown1512 Words   |  7 PagesAmbiguity and Uncertainty in Young Goodman Brown   Ã‚  Ã‚   In Young Goodman Brown, Nathaniel Hawthorne, through the use of deceptive imagery, creates a sense of uncertainty that illuminates the theme of mans inability to operate within a framework of moral absolutism.   Within every man there is an innate difference between good and evil and Hawthornes deliberate use of ambiguity mirrors this complexity of human nature. Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown, is misled by believing in the perfectibilityRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown989 Words   |  4 PagesFiction Essay In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s 1835 allegorical, short fiction â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† innocent, young Puritan of Salem Village, young Goodman Brown willingly leaves his wife and religion Faith and enters the dark forest, where he experiences a radical encounter that alters his ways of life. Throughout this short story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† Hawthorne reveals man’s inherent nature to stray and sin, due to man’s corruption of morality. Human fallibility, even that of the religious, good, pure manRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown 1175 Words   |  5 Pages1101 7 July 2017 Symbolism in â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is a short story written by Nathaniel Hawthorne, and was set during the 17th Century Puritan Era. The story was published in 1835 during the Romantic Era. Nathaniel Hawthorne was known for being the master of symbolism. His novels and short stories have been embedded with suggestion and imagination. The dense symbolism that Hawthorne writes could imply multiple interpretations. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† has quite a few themes andRead More Young Goodman Brown Essay1048 Words   |  5 Pages The main theme of the Nathaniel Hawthorne’s, â€Å" Young Goodman Brown,† is the struggle between Goodman Brown’s faith, power to resist his own evil impulses and his own doubts within him. It is a story of Young Goodman Brown’s personal conflict over his inner desires and its greater meaning conflict between good and evil in the world. The characteristics of Young Goodman Brown are similar to the life of Nathaniel Hawthorne. N athaniel Hawthorne had his own doubts about his own Puritan life and beliefsRead More Good and Evil in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay788 Words   |  4 PagesGood and Evil in Young Goodman Brown In Young Goodman Brown. Nathaniel Hawthorne considers the question of good and evil, suggesting that true evil is judging and condemning others for sin without looking at ones own sinfulness. He examines the idea that sin is part of being human and there is no escape from it. Of the many symbols he uses in this story, each has a profound meaning. They represent good and evil in the constant struggle of a young innocent man whose faith is being testedRead More How Young Goodman Brown Became Old Badman Brown Essay1596 Words   |  7 Pages Nathaniel Hawthorne was a nineteenth-century American writer of the Romantic Movement. Born in Salem, Massachusetts, in 1804, he was one of those rare writers who drew critical acclaim during his lifetime. Hawthorne used Salem as a setting for most of his stories, such as The Scarlet Letter, The Blithedale Romance, and â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†. Today, readers still appreciate Hawthornes work for its storytelling qualities and for the moral and theological questions it raises. Nathaniel HawthornesRead MoreYoung Goodman Brown By Nathaniel Hawthorne1620 Words   |  7 Pages Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne Nathaniel Hawthorne’s work Young Goodman Brown reveals how hard it is in the revelation of the harsh realities of the society.  The society with is characterized by secrecy.   People hide behind the curtains of daily practices and a normal life despite the odd their practices. However, anxiety reveals the realities of people in the community that may come with great prices as for the Nathaniel Hawthorne’s main character Goodman Brown.  Viewing theRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1543 Words   |  7 PagesIn Nathaniel Hawthorne s short story of Young Goodman Brown, the author uses symbolism and allegories in order to showcase the Puritan faith as well as man s conflict between good and evil. This analysis will break down the techniques that the author uses to critique the puritan society and to show the difference between how people appear to be in society and the true colors that they are hidden inside of them. There has been a lot of great authors in our time, but none more interesting thanRead MoreBiography of Nathaniel Hawthorne1273 Words   |  6 Pagesdark secrets forever. Raised as a Puritan, Nathaniel Hawthorne grew up with a devout family intensely immersed in religion. As he matured, Hawthorne discovered that his seemingly pious family was disturbingly flawed, a discovery that would radically change his life. In his short story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Puritan family secrets aid in forming symbols of faith and evil and developing the inner complexities of his characters. Hawthorne, the sixth generation in a family of American

Bushfire Risk in Victoria

Question: Analyse bushfire risk in Victoria, Australia using the concept of sustainable development. Further to this, analyse who wins and who loses as part of the bushfire risk problem-solution. Answer: Introduction: The Bushfires imposes an important and threatful danger to the lives as well as the property. The senior management of the firm aims to reduce the dreadful threat by deploying various kinds of the risk management systems and procedures. In the city of Victoria, catastrophic losses to property and life refer the bushfires within the time span of around 20 years have ascertained the necessary requirement for a more systematic and strategic view to manage these kinds of rising problems. Bushfires exhibits temporal and the spatial patterns of the resulting and the occurrence losses (March Rijal, 2014). The variable factors like aspect, slope, fuel characteristics, ignition patterns, and the fire weather, these all seriousness and in a major manner contribute to the overall danger which is posed by the bushfire. The main necessity of such a kind of approach is the basic means of the quantifying bushfire factor of risk and also its acute response to the conditions which are fast changing, that also includes the changes which result from the actions and the efforts of the management (Prober, Lunt, Thiele, 2008). The authorities of the Fire management aim to reduce the dangers of various systems and the strategies and are also aimed to minimise dangers from a number of procedures, resource allocations, reduction burns, and also the process of educating the community. For the purpose to implement such strategies in an effective manner, a comprehensive risk-management process has also been employed (BUXTON, HAYNES, MERCER, BUTT, 2010). The risk by the bushfire analysis is a significant part of this implemented and aimed strategy, here it aims not just to determine the extent of risk which has been involved in this process, but is also associated with the study of the quantifying the risk as a whole, so that the managers of the firm management may make and take various and appropriate steps and decisions so as to tackle the alarming situation at an early stage. Sincere steps are always required so as to give a stop to the risks which are fast growing, along with the factors with whose help the stoppage be implied (Price Bradstock, 2012). Analyse bushfire risk in Victoria As the improvements of the data technology and quality arise, the risk concerned significant questions become very complicated and more complex plus also very much multi-faceted; so the risk by the bushfire analysis process is always and ever evolving. For instance, the fire managers are continuously and increasing taking steps and making efforts for the spatiotemporal knowledge and information which shall be available in the close-real-time. In the city of Victoria, the catastrophic property and life losses which happen due to the major bushfires in recent years or the past decade seriously has emphasised the emergency requirement to set up a more systematic and strategic approach so as to manage such fires. It also has been clearly illustrated in the Victorian Bushfires Royal Commission of 2009, which states the devastating fires which came out as on 7 February 2009 and is termed as the of Black Saturday (Blanchi et al., 2014). The main requirement to reach such an approach is the basic means of the quantifying bushfire risk that is compulsory so as to be able to calculate the alterations which result from the actions of the management. Bushfire database analysing and scalability The Bushfire risk is complex to calculate as it mainly depends on upon the happening of the future expected or unexpected events, which may happen at any place and at any time, and also its occurrence may be too small or may be at times too large as well. Merely waiting for such kinds of events to happen is very late to assist in the determining of such kinds of actions and strategies which are of significant nature or are very effective and the managers of the bushfire risk are to handle very difficult and complex task to perform and also to predict (Handmer ONeill, 2016). The outcome of the results of the PHOENIX Company Rapid-fire runs is completely loaded with an acute spatially-enabled management database system which stands for the DBMS to work so as to facilitate the data organization and also the analysis. This DBMS also carefully make sure that the DELWP gets the proper access and also the ability to use so many which may also reach to millions of the data points, and to prepare the analysis content and products in a much repeatable and consistent fashion. Most importantly and significantly, the DBMS provides the required capability so as to easily "dice and slice" the data with the help of many of the dimensions, and also, in particular, to conclude and summarise it as per the various geographic boundaries (Gibson, Bradstock, Penman, Keith, Driscoll, 2015). It enables the DELWP to make and produce the residual risk profiles at so many of the scales, from the topmost statewide down to the bushfire and the risk landscapes plus the DELWP regions further to the municipal localities and the local bodies. Risk profiling: By making up of the modified scenario which relates to the risk models for each and every year of the history which has been recorded back in the year of 1980, the DELWP is also able or empowered to construct such a kind of chart of the residual risk which is capable of changing with the change of time. It has been referred to as an important residual profile of risk. This kind of the trend donates the manner how the potential kind of the results of the bushfires all across the circumference and the landscape has altered over the time according to the various types of the mosaic of the fuel-reduced experiences existed with each passage of the year (Beringer, 2000). The DELWP has the ability to project the future levels of the residual dangers and the risks, by carefully modeling the outcomes of the planned burn activities that have been planned for the coming 3 next years. Such expected risk trends, however, do not include in itself the main effects of the bushfires which may happen or outcome in these three years, and thus, they represent only the major effect which is planned to burn on the human land might have in the reduction of the bushfire risk. The risk scenarios and the profiles allow the DELWP to commence the tracking that how the bushfire risk has with the passage of time altered in the times of the past and how this has been altering as an outcome of the present bushfire management activities (Gott, 2005). Thus, the DELWP can very well compare the main effectiveness of the various regimes of the bushfire management. The analysis system and the fire modeling which produces the profiles of the risk are required to be viewed as a starting or the foundation which may be built so as to improve the quantification of the risk of the bushfire as well as the application to the fire management. The coming investment, expansion, and the validation which concerns the system's capabilities shall enhance its value for sure. So, many of the other available analysis products are pretty possible (ONeill Handmer, 2012). The main Code of the Practice for the Bushfire Management on the human land requires the working management of the bushfire danger to the ecological as well as the other values plus the sub-models which quantify the effects of the bushfire on such values are not at all sufficiently developed and advanced so as to be incorporated and fitted into the present model (Atkinson, Chladil, Janssen, Lucieer, 2010). Yet, as is discussed by the money (2005), these kinds of the values need the integration t o grow and develop in a real quantitative risk management and assessment process. Who Wins and Who losses as part of the bushfire risk problem-solution: This volatile occurrence of the bushfires, it is hard to quantify the damages or the risk which is caused by it. But with the development of such system and adoption of such system by the DELWP, which allows the assessment and the stimulation of many of the probable bushfires, without waiting for the occurrence of the reals bush fires. This development of the new system in the control of the bushfires has greatly affected the 59%of the victorial population out of this 4 % of the population resides in the peri- urban areas which is expected to grow almost by the 28 % in the year 2031 (Marquez Marquez, 2015). The DEPI is very fast and eagerly actively investing in the developing metrics so as to calculate the ecological kinds of the resilience and so many of the other ecosystem and concerned services, and also considering the assets which remain apart from the address points, that includes the critical economic and the infrastructure plus the social assets. By calculating and collecting the integrated risk modeling along with the advancements refer the bushfire planning, science, operational and the policy operational bushfire measures and the management, the force of the DEPI is also providing the evidentiary base so as to assist in informing the decision-making (Marquez Marquez, 2015). The main process system can be utilized to let to know the management decisions all regarding the how and where to carefully concentrate on the management activities, like the planned burning, give the best available and most effective decline refer the potential impacts of the main bushfires on the prop erty and also the life prospects. With the help of the major objectives of the Code of Practice for Bushfire Management on Public Land, DELWP has managed the risk of the bushfire for the values such an of the industry, human life, environment and the economy (Miller Ager, 2013). Such a systems are developed which will help in the incorporation of the ecological values, with refining the technical capabilities and the value impact models. Conclusion The impact of the bushfire on the life of the humans is not modelled directly. The bushfire had the great impact on the properties. Such plans and strategies are developed by the bushfire management, within the responsibilities of the DEPIS which includes the prevention of the bushfire, response, recovery and the preparedness (Gibson, Bradstock, Penman, Keith, Driscoll, 2015). The fire management of the bushfire has won to control the risk of the bushfire, with the development of the strategies of the fuel management, which effectively reduces the risk of the bushfire with the management of the fuels of the bushfire. The bush fire is controlled with the plan of the landscape scale which helps to identify the important assets, which also includes the environmental, infrastructure and the economic assets. The management of the bushfire has now made the local resident aware, as from where the fires are likely to come and where their report in relation to this stands. The Bushfire puts a deep impact on the human life is not at all modelled straight way or directly. But, the spread plus the impact of the bushfires refer theproperty which is the built assets is modelled, and this impact is considered to be a proxy for the impact of bushfire on the life of the human beings. References Atkinson, D., Chladil, M., Janssen, V., Lucieer, A. (2010). Implementation of quantitative bushfire risk analysis in a GIS environment.International Journal Of Wildland Fire,19(5), 649. Beringer, J. (2000). Community fire safety at the urban/rural interface: The bushfire risk.Fire Safety Journal,35(1), 1-23. Blanchi, R., Leonard, J., Haynes, K., Opie, K., James, M., Oliveira, F. (2014). Environmental circumstances surrounding bushfire fatalities in Australia 19012011.Environmental Science Policy,37, 192-203. Bradstock, R., Cary, G., Davies, I., Lindenmayer, D., Price, O., Williams, R. (2012). Wildfires, fuel treatment and risk mitigation in Australian eucalypt forests: Insights from landscape-scale simulation.Journal Of Environmental Management,105, 66-75. BUXTON, M., HAYNES, R., MERCER, D., BUTT, A. (2010). Vulnerability to Bushfire Risk at Melbourne's Urban Fringe: The Failure of Regulatory Land Use Planning.Geographical Research,49(1), 1-12. Gibson, R., Bradstock, R., Penman, T., Keith, D., Driscoll, D. (2015). Climatic, vegetation and edaphic influences on the probability of fire across mediterranean woodlands of south-eastern Australia.Journal Of Biogeography,42(9), 1750-1760. Gott, B. (2005). Aboriginal fire management in south-eastern Australia: aims and frequency.Journal Of Biogeography,32(7), 1203-1208. Handmer, J. ONeill, S. (2016). Examining bushfire policy in action: Preparedness and behaviour in the 2009 Black Saturday fires.Environmental Science Policy,63, 55-62. March, A. Rijal, Y. (2014). Reducing Bushfire Risk by Planning and Design: A Professional Focus.Planning Practice Research,30(1), 33-53. Marquez, M. Marquez, L. (2015). Bushfire risk mitigation program by Victoria's Department of Education and Training.IJDSRM,6(2), 169. Miller, C. Ager, A. (2013). A review of recent advances in risk analysis for wildfire management.International Journal Of Wildland Fire,22(1), 1. ONeill, S. Handmer, J. (2012). Responding to bushfire risk: the need for transformative adaptation.Environ. Res. Lett.,7(1), 014018.

Memory Management in Operating Systems free essay sample

Memory management in multiple operating systems An operating system is responsible for assigning memory to processes so that processes can be executed. Broadly, this responsibility is defined as memory management, and operating systems handle memory management differently. Any operating system must do two things in order to handle memory effectively. First, an operating system must be able to allocate and free physical memory. Second, an operating system must have techniques in place to keep track of the location of programs in physical memory. Examples of the ways different operating systems handle memory management can be seen by evaluating the Linux and the Windows 7 operating systems. In order to keep track of the locations of programs in physical memory, the Linux operating system employs virtual memory techniques. â€Å"The Linux virtual memory system is responsible for maintaining the address space visible to each process. It creates pages of virtual memory on demand and manages loading those pages from disk and swapping them back out to disk as required. We will write a custom essay sample on Memory Management in Operating Systems or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † (Silberschatz, 2009, p. 823) It is evident that Linux uses a paging strategy with its virtual memory technique. When the Linux operating system attempts to execute a program, the operating system will not directly access the program from physical memory. Instead, it will access a table of virtual memory addresses that keeps track of physical memory locations. This virtual memory address will then reference the physical memory location of a program so that it can be placed for execution in the CPU. The allocation of physical memory varies depending on the architecture of a computer, but with the Linux operating system, â€Å"the primary physical-memory manager in the Linux kernel is the page allocator. (Silberschatz, 2009, p. 820) The page allocator carries the responsibility of dynamically freeing and allocating all physical memory. The page allocator is a primary tool of all memory subsystems used in the Linux operating system. Of these subsystems, â€Å"the most important are the virtual memory system†¦, the kmalloc() variable-length allocator; the slab allocator, used for allocating memory for kernel data structures; and the page cache, used for caching pages belong to files. † (Silberschatz, 2009, p. 821) In Windows, â€Å"the memory manager implements virtual memory, provides a core set of services such as memory mapped files, copy-on-write memory, large memory support, and underlying support for the cache manager. † (Microsoft, 2012) Windows employs virtual memory techniques in a similar way to the Linux operating system. It also uses a process of file mapping in order to keep track of the location of files in physical memory. Virtual memory addresses are tracked in memory and have pointers that reference the physical location of a process on disk. In order to allocate and free memory, Windows uses a variety of different methods instead of a one-size fits all page allocator like Linux. Each method has different advantages and disadvantages and utilizes different memory management subsystems, the details of which are discussed in Microsoft documentation. These advantages and disadvantages are important for developers. The methods are CoTaskMemAlloc(), GlobalAlloc(), HeapAlloc(), LocalAlloc(), malloc(), new(), and VirtualAlloc(). There are a myriad of memory management techniques, and Windows and Linux, two major operating systems, employ techniques that share similarities but also have differences. According to Abraham Silberschatz (2009), â€Å"the memory-management algorithms [used by operating systems] vary from a primitive bare-machine approach to paging and segmentation strategies.

Living Fossil Plants - Ginkgo, Metasequoia, Wollemia

Living Fossil Plants - Ginkgo, Metasequoia, Wollemia A living fossil  is a species that is known from fossils looking just the way it looks today. Among animals, the most famous living fossil is probably the  coelacanth. Here are three living fossils from the plant kingdom. Afterward, we will point out why living fossil is no longer a good term to use. Ginkgo, Ginkgo biloba Ginkgoes are a very old line of plants, their earliest representatives being found in rocks of Permian age  some 280 million years old. At times in the geologic past, they have been widespread and abundant, and the dinosaurs surely fed upon them. The fossil species Ginkgo adiantoides, indistinguishable from the modern ginkgo, is found in rocks as old as Early Cretaceous (140 to 100 million years ago), which appears to have been the ginkgos heyday. Fossils of ginkgo species are found throughout the northern hemisphere in rocks dating from Jurassic to Miocene times. They disappear from North America by the Pliocene and vanish from Europe by the Pleistocene. The ginkgo tree is well-known today as a street tree and ornamental tree, but for centuries it appears to have been extinct in the wild. Only cultivated trees survived, in Buddhist monasteries in China, until they were planted across Asia starting about a thousand years ago. Ginkgo Photo GalleryGrowing GinkgoesLandscaping with Ginkgoes Dawn Redwood, Metasequoia glyptostroboides The dawn redwood is a conifer that sheds its leaves every year, unlike its cousins the coast redwood and giant sequoia. Fossils of closely related species date from late in the Cretaceous  and occur all over the northern hemisphere. Their most famous locality is probably on Axel Heiberg Island in the Canadian Arctic, where stumps and leaves of Metasequoia sit still unmineralized from the warm Eocene Epoch some 45 million years ago. The fossil species Metasequoia glyptostroboides was first described in 1941. Its fossils were known before that, but they were confused with those of the true redwood genus Sequoia and the swamp cypress genus Taxodium for more than a century. M. glyptostroboides was thought to be long extinct. The latest fossils, from Japan, dated from the early Pleistocene (2 million years ago). But a living specimen in China was found a few years later, and now this critically endangered species is thriving in the horticultural trade. Only about 5000 wild trees remain. Recently, Chinese researchers described a single isolated specimen in Hunan province whose leaf cuticle differs from all other dawn redwoods and exactly resembles the fossil species. They suggest that this tree is truly the living fossil and that the other dawn redwoods have evolved from it by mutation. The science, along with much human detail, is presented by Qin Leng in a recent issue of Arnoldia. Qin also reports vigorous conservation efforts in Chinas Metasequoia Valley. Wollemi Pine, Wollemia nobilis The ancient conifers of the southern hemisphere are in the araucaria plant family, named for the Arauco region of Chile where the monkey-puzzle tree (Araucaria araucana) lives. It has 41 species today (including the Norfolk Island pine, kauri pine and bunya-bunya), all of them scattered among the continental fragments of Gondwana: South America, Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand and New Caledonia. Ancient araucarians forested the globe in Jurassic times. In late 1994, a ranger in Australias Wollemi National Park in the Blue Hills found a strange tree in a small, remote canyon. It was found to match fossil leaves going back 120 million years in Australia. Its pollen grains were an exact match to the fossil pollen species ​Dilwynites, found in Antarctica, Australia, and New Zealand in rocks as old as Jurassic. The Wollemi pine is known in three small groves, and all specimens today are as genetically alike as twins. Hard-core gardeners and plant fanciers are very interested in the Wollemi pine, not just for its rarity but because it has beautiful foliage. Look for it at your local progressive arboretum. Why Living Fossil Is a Poor Term The name living fossil is unfortunate in some ways. The dawn redwood and Wollemi pine present the best case for the term: recent fossils that appear identical, not just similar, to a living representative. And the survivors were so few that we may not have enough genetic information to explore their evolutionary history in depth. But most living fossils dont match that story. The plant group of cycads is an example that used to be in the textbooks (and may still be). The typical cycad in yards and gardens is the sago palm, and it had supposedly been unchanged since Paleozoic time. But today there are about 300 species of cycad, and genetic studies show that most are only a few million years old. Besides genetic evidence, most living fossil species differ in small details from todays species: shell ornamentation, numbers of teeth, configuration of bones and joints. Although the line of organisms had a stable body plan that succeeded in a certain habitat and lifeway, its evolution never stopped. The idea that the species became evolutionarily stuck is the main thing wrong about the notion of living fossils. There is a similar term used by paleontologists for fossil types that disappear from the rock record, sometimes for millions of years, and then appear again: Lazarus taxa, named for the man that Jesus raised from the dead. A Lazarus taxon is not literally the same species, found in rocks millions of years apart. Taxon refers to any level of taxonomy, from the species through the genus and family up to the kingdom. The typical Lazarus taxon is a genus- a group of species- so that matches what we now understand about living fossils.

Spanish Short-Form Possessive Determiners or Adjectives

Spanish Short-Form Possessive Determiners or Adjectives Possessive adjectives of Spanish, like those of English, are a way of indicating who owns or is in possession of something. Their use is straightforward, although they (like other adjectives) must match the nouns they modify in both number and gender. Basics About the Short-Form Possessives Unlike English, Spanish has two forms of possessive adjectives, a short form that is used before nouns, and a long-form possessive adjective that is used after nouns. They are often known as the possessive determiners. Here are the short-form possessive adjectives (sometimes known as possessive determiners): mi, mis - my - Compra mi piano. (She is buying my piano.)tu, tus - your (singular familiar) - Quiero comprar tu coche. (I want to buy your car.)su, sus - your (singular or plural formal), its, his, her, their - Voy a su oficina. (I am going to his/her/your/their office.)nuestro, nuestra, nuestros, nuestras - our - Es nuestra casa. (It is our house.)vuestro, vuestra, vuestros, vuestras - your (plural familiar) -  ¿Dà ³nde estn vuestros hijos? (Where are your children?) Note that the possessive adjectives vary by number and gender. The change is with the nouns they modify, not with the person(s) who own or possess the object. Thus you would say his book and her book in the same way: su libro. Some examples: Es nuestro coche. (It is our car.)Es nuestra casa. (It is our house.)Son nuestros coches. (They are our cars.)Son nuestras casas. (They are our houses.) As you might imagine, su and sus can be ambiguous, since they can mean his, her, its, your, or their. If the use of su or sus doesnt make the sentence clear, you can use de followed by a prepositional pronoun instead: Quiero comprar su casa. (I want to buy his/her/your/their house.)Quiero comprar la casa de à ©l. (I want to buy his house.)Quiero comprar la casa de ella. (I want to buy her house.)Quiero comprar la casa de usted. (I want to buy your house.)Quiero comprar la casa de ellos. (I want to buy their house.) In some areas, de à ©l, de ella, and de ellos are preferred over su and sus for saying his, her, and their, even where no ambiguity is present. Different Forms of ‘Your’ One source of confusion for Spanish students is that there are eight words that can be translated as your, and they arent interchangeable. The come in only three groups, however, because of the distinctions Spanish makes for number and gender: tu/tus, su/sus, and vuestro/vuestra/vuestros/vuestras. The main rule here is that possessives can be classified as either familiar or formal in the same way the pronouns for you are. So tu and tus correspond in usage to tà º (not the written accent on the pronoun), vuestro and its numbered and gendered forms correspond with vosotros, and su corresponds with usted and ustedes. So if you were talking with someone about her car, you might use tu coche if she is a friend or relative but su coche if she is a stranger. Grammar Involving the Possessive Forms There are two common problems that English speakers often encounter with these adjectives: Overuse of the Possessive Adjectives The possessive adjectives are used in most cases in the same way as they are used in English. However, you should be aware that in many instances- especially when speaking of body parts, clothing and items intimately associated with an individual- Spanish uses the definite article (el, la, los or las), the equivalent of the, instead of possessive adjectives. Sam arregla el pelo. (Sam is combing his hair.)Ella juntà ³ las manos para orar. (She joined her hands to pray.)Ricardo rompià ³ los anteojos. (Ricardo broke his glasses.) Repetition of Possessive Adjectives: In English, it is common to use a single possessive adjective to refer to more than one noun. In Spanish, a single possessive adjective can refer to only one noun, unless the multiple nouns refer to the same persons or objects. For example, son mis amigos y hermanos would mean they are my friends and siblings (with the friends and the siblings being identical persons), while son mis amigos y mis hermanos would mean they are my friends and siblings (the friends not being the same people as the siblings). Similarly, my cats and dogs would be translated as mis gatos y mis perros. Key Takeaways The possessive adjectives (also known as possessive determiners) are used to indicate who owns or is in possession of something.The possessive adjectives are distinguished in number and sometimes gender of what is possessed.The possessive forms su and sus can mean his, hers, its, or your, so you must rely on context when translating.

Revitalizing Health and Safety and its effect on the Construction Essay

Revitalizing Health and Safety and its effect on the Construction Industry - Essay Example In order to carry out this study whether there exists a need to change the law already in place, a committee was formed and the people resorted to getting answers on various topics from willing respondents. All these inputs were taken and the same was assimilated and analyzed to give below the results. Health and Safety is looked at as a part of the work and many people seem to lack awareness of H&S. This is happening because H&S is more an employer's obligation to fit into the governmental regulation rather than looked at as a means to achieve better and safer productive levels. While the law looked at providing norms that the employers need to adopt to ensure the safety and health of their employees, it was not proactive to the lacunae that existed in the system. The work place has under gone considerable change and so has the working methodology. From a more manufacturing oriented environment we have moved a service oriented environment. Now, it was widely felt by the members of the public and the others that the following points also need to be considered while bringing in new impetus to the Health and Safety at Work Place. The construction industry is having a high rate of accident resulting in both fatal and serious injuries. Though the Construction Design and Management Regulations have brought in a design consideration that would imbibe

Archaeology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Archaeology - Essay Example In order to witness the past culture of a particular society, especially its material culture, archaeological evidences are considered as one of the most significant elements. Archaeological evidence includes artifacts, architecture, biofacts, and cultural landscapes that are the archaeological records of the society. However, the definition of the term ‘culture’ is not free of ambiguity. It has a unique nature of contradictory features. On one hand, culture is a dynamic phenomenon in the sense that it keeps moving and changing through decades and centuries. On the other hand, culture stands tall as a strong static element for societies witnessing various changes through ages. That is to say, the culture of a particular society constructs its own unique identity through ages by being its common image of consistence. This ambiguous nature of culture plays an important role in depicting the cultural lifespan of a society. In the context of archaeological culture, the dynam ic as well as static (or unique) nature of culture can be greatly influenced by cultural interaction of different societies. This paper briefly addresses the role of archaeological evidence with regard to describing the cultural life of past human societies. ... That is to say, a holistic approach concept of culture is essentially required to understand and explain cultural relations in a society. Further, the concept of culture is also associated closely with that of identity, both of an individual as well as the collective identity of a society. A commonly defined relationship of culture, ethnicity and individual relates to the broader understanding and conceptualization of ‘identity’. In the context of archaeological culture study, it involves empirical speculation of all such identities. One of the significant aspects to address while speculating identities is the issue of cultural contact or acculturation or cultural fusion. A historically evident and remarkable element of this culture contact is colonialism the presence of which is inevitable in the study of archaeological culture. Colonialism is considered as one of the most significant causes as well as consequences of cultural contact between cities, states and empires. Archaeology has a special role to play in the study and colonialism, and vice versa. While talking about the varieties of colonialism and their similarities (Gosden, 2004, p. 22), he argues that modern colonialism strikingly differs from the ancient times in the context that the previous includes particular features like â€Å"the creation of fixed orders of racial and cultural difference which were not found in the same manner amongst the Romans or the Greeks for instance.† Further, the result of colonialism has been remarkable: it â€Å"created new worlds through the meeting, clash and sometimes merger of varying values.† (Gosden, 2004, p. 23) Nonetheless, ‘culture contact’ is a broader term that includes a variety of elements other than just colonialism. It

Aci Financial Statement Essay Example for Free

Aci Financial Statement Essay The companies are now preparing this statement as an integral part of their financial statements. This paper examines empirically the current practices followed by sample companies in preparation of cash flow statement and concludes that the sample companies are in line (with few exceptions) with the requirements of International Accounting Standard (IAS)-7 or Bangladesh Accounting Standard (BAS)-7. It also proposes some suggestions for improving the presentation of the statement Key words: Cash flow statement, IAS/BAS, Listed Company, Disclosure. Introduction The purpose of a cash flow statement is to provide information on the cash flow from a company’s operating, investing and financing activities to enable the users of its financial statements to evaluate the ability of the company to generate cash and to use the historic cash flows to predict future cash flows. The cash flow information enhances the comparability of the operating performance by various companies, because it eliminates the effects that arise from the use of different accounting treatments for the same transactions and events. The use of cash flow information is gaining importance in the analysis of financial statements (Epstein 1991; Yap 1997; Jones and Widjaja 1998; Previts and Bricker 1994). Cashflow information is considered less open to manipulation than information on earnings, because it is based on the actual receipt and payment of cash only and not on the accrual and other accounting principles. Rees (1995:75) adds that the cash flow statement can be more informative than the other statements. However, he literature on the cash flow statement indicates that there are grey areas in cash flow reporting that are open to various interpretations (Everingham and Watson 2002). The perceived simplicity of the cash flow statement may therefore create synthetic confidence in the reliability of companies’ cash flow reporting and the comparability of various companies’ cash flow information. The acceptance of IAS-7: The Cash Flow Statement has added a new dimension to the preparation and present ation of financial statements in Bangladesh. This paper is an attempt to investigate into the state of cash flow reporting by the listed Bangladeshi * Lecturers, Department of Business Administration, ASA University Bangladesh 210 ASA University Review, Vol. 6 No. 2, July–December, 2012 Textiles and Clothing companies in general. The focus is not on the quality of the reporting of the companies but rather on what the reporting levels are in general. Objectives of the study The major objectives of the study are as follows: 1. to identify the current practice of cash flow statement of Pharmaceutical companies in Bangladesh. 2. o provide present cash flow statement format, structure and reporting on the basis of information provided in the annual reports of the selected listed Pharmaceutical companies in Bangladesh. Methodology of the study The study was conducted in accordance with secondary information obtained from various sources. The overview of standardization of financial reporting and the regulatory framework has be en based on laws, regulation, and guideline and also on various published sources of information taken from International Accounting Standard Board (IASB) and Bangladesh Accounting Standard 7 (BAS 7). A limited survey has also been made covering a total of 12 Pharmaceutical companies’ annual reports (2009) enlisted in Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) and Chittagong Stock Exchange (CSE). These are selected on the basis of convenience sampling procedure. In order to make the study more revealing it also covers some research articles, textbooks, publications and web sites of various accounting bodies. Limitations of the study 1. Applied non profitability techniques have been used. 2. Due to limitation of the extensive materials, books and previous studies in Bangladesh literature review could not be extensive. 3. This study consists of only 12 listed Pharmaceutical companies due to time and resources constraints. Literature review Cash flow statement: A historical surroundings/background Cash flow Accounting (CFA) was the main system of accounting up to beginning of the 18th century (Watanabe, Izumi: The evolution of Income Accounting in Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Britain, Osaka University of Economics, Vol. 57, No. 5, January 2007, p. 27-30). Till then, accounting allocation and profit measurement were relatively unimportant; the profit and loss account being used to close off ledger accounts at each period end. However, with the advent of concept and practices of business continuity, periodic measure and statement of financial position began to grow. Thus the basis of cash transaction becomes foundation for the allocation based systems of accounting today. Although there has been a reasonably sustained interest in fund flow statements (based on allocated accounting data) since the beginning of the twenty century, CFA appears to have received little or no support from accountants until the early 1960s. At that time there was little concern over the use of ‘cash flow’ data in the financial analysis- cash flow being interpreted as ‘profit plus depreciation (. Winjum, J. o, 1972). In 1961 AICPA recognized the importance of fund statement by publishing Accounting Research Study (ARS) Cash Flow Statement Disclosures in Pharmaceutical Companies 211 NO 2â€Å"Cash flow analysis and fund statements†. Before that, accountants had prepared funds statements primarily as management report. The Accounting Principles Board (APB) responded in October 1963 by issuing APB Opinion NO. : â€Å"the statements of and application of funds†, which recommended that a statement of sources and application of funds be presented on a supplementary basis. Because of the favorable response of the business community to this pronouncement, the APB issued Opinion No. 198: â€Å"Reporting changing in Financial Position† in March 1971. This opinion required that a statement of changing financial position be presented as a basic financial statement and be covered by the auditor’s reports. In 1981 the Financial Accounting Standard Board (FASB) reconsidered fund flow issues as part of the conceptual framework project taken in 1976. At this time the FASB decided that the cash flow reporting issues should be considered at the standard level. Subsequent deliberation resulted in Statement of Financial Accounting Standard (SFAS) No. 95: ‘Statement of cash flows’ in Nobember1987 (Weygandt, Kieso, Kimmel 1998: 1936). Fund flow statement Vs Cash flow statement Both fund flow statement and cash flow statement serve as a fundamental parts of the financial statements. In 1961, the AICPA issued ARS No. 2, â€Å"Cash Flow Analysis and the Fund Statements† which recommended that a fund statement covered by auditor’s opinion be included in companies financial reports. According to paragraph 5 of Preface to Statement of International Accounting Standard [approved by the IASC Board in November1982 for publication in January 1983 and supersedes the preface published in January 1975 (amended March 1978)], â€Å"the term ‘financial statements’ covers balance sheets, income statement or profit and loss accounts, statements of change in financial position, notes and other statements and explanatory materials which are identified as being part of financial statements† (IASC, 2000:32). As per paragraph 7 of framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements (approved by IASC Board in April 1989 for publication in July 1989): â€Å"A complete set of financial statement normally includes a balance sheet, an income statements, a statements of change in financial position (which may be presented in a variety of ways, for example as a statement of cash flow or a statement of fund flows) and those notes and other statements and explanatory materials that are an integral part of the financial statements† (IASC : p. 3-44). As per paragraph 4 of the previous IAS 7 (October 1977), statements of change in financial position, the term ‘ funds’ referred to cash, cash and cash equivalents or working capital (IFAC, 1992: p. 813). Funds provided or used in operation of an enterprise should be presented in the statements of changes in financial statement separately from other sources and uses of fund. Unusual items, which are not part of ordinary activities of the enterprise, should be separately disclosed (IASC: Para 21). But many users of financial statements consider current practices of reporting fund flows as confusing because too much information is compressed in the statements of change in financial position, and because no single definition has been established (Mosich and Larsen, 1982; p. 935). In order to develop a conceptual framework for financial accounting and reporting, the FASB issued in December 1980 a discussion memorandum â€Å"reporting Fund flow, Liquidity and Financial Flexibility† which was issued for the following reasons: (1) for assessing future cash flow, and (2) current practices regarding the reporting of funds flow information are not entirely satisfactory. As a result of deliberation, FASB issued SFAS NO. 95 ‘Statements of Cash Flow’ in 1987. The statements require the inclusion of statements of Cash Flows rather than a statement of Change in Financial position when issuing a complete set of financial statements 212 ASA University Review, Vol. 6 No. 2, July–December, 2012 which was made effective for annual periods ending after July 15, 1988. The major requirements of the statements are of the following two areas: Basis of Presentation: The statement must focus on cash receipts and payments and must explain the change in cash plus cash equivalents. Classification of cash flows: Cash flows are to be classified according to operating, investing and financing activities. The basis of such classification is derived from the financial theory, which state that the enterprise derives the cash used for investing activities and settlement of outstanding financial obligation in an accounting period from internal and external sources. Internal cash sources emanate from the net cash generated from current operation and perhaps disinvesting and depletion of cash resources at the start of the period. External cash sources come from financing activities such as borrowing and receiving cash from the sale of equity shares to existing and new shareholders (Wallace et,al). Benefits of Cash Flow Information The information in a cash flow statement helps investors, creditors, and others to assess the following aspects of the firm’s financial position. Such statements serve as a mechanism for predicting the ability to generate future cash flows for the investors, creditors and others. This enables managers or management to plan coordinate and control financial operation in an effective manner. It gives an indication of the relationship between profitability and cash generating ability thus of the quality of the profit earned. It furnishes information to the management regarding the entities’ ability to pay dividend and meet obligations. Analyst and other users of financial information often, formally or informally, develop models to assess and compare the present value of the future cash flow of entities. Historical cash flow statements could be useful to check the accuracy of past assessment (ACCA Text book part 2. P. 324). It is free from manipulation and is not affected by subjective judgments or by accounting policies. Such a statement dictates situations when a business has made huge profit but has run out money or it has sustained loss but has enough cash availability. The extent of cash generated from operational activity and external finance in order to meet capital, tax, and dividend requirements can be obtained from such statements (Lee, T. A: 1972:27-36). It aids in the evaluation of risk, which includes both the expected variability of future return and probability of insolvency or bankruptcy ( Hendrickson, Eldom. S, 1982: 237). Such statements reveal the capability of an enterprise to pay its short obligation as and when due to the lenders. A cash flow statement in conjunction with a balance sheet provides information on liquidity, viability, and adaptability. The balance sheet is often used to obtain information on liquidity, but the information is rather incomplete for this purpose as the balance sheet is prepared at a particular point of time. Cash Flow Statement Disclosures in Pharmaceutical Companies 213 It may assists users of financial statements in making judgments on the amounts, timing and degree of certainty of future cash flows. This statement provides information that is useful in checking the accuracy of past assessment of future cash flows and in examining the relationship between profitability and net cash flow and the impact of changing price (IAS 7: Para 3 4). Information on cash flows classified by three groups of activities (Operating, investing and financing) that al low users to assess the impact of those activities on the financial position of the enterprise and the amount of its cash and cash equivalents. This information may also be to evaluate the relationship among those activities (IAS 7: Para 11). This statement is of special importance in assessing future cash flows, quality of income operating capability, financial flexibly and liquidity, and information on financing and investing activities. Using cash flows from operating activities from the cash flow statements, different ratios such as liquidity, ratio, solvency ratio, and profitability ratios can also be calculated to evaluate an enterprise’s liquidity, solvency, and profitability. Aziz uddin and Bala, 2001: p. 14) Overview of Cash flow statement The cash flow statement explains the changes that have occurred in the company’s cash and cash equivalents during the year by classifying the cash flows in its operating, investing and financing activities. The statement must focus on cash receipts and payments and must explain the change in cash plus cash equivalents. The classification is done in a way that is mos t appropriate to the company’s business. The following are the definitions of the components of the cash flow statement: Cash: cash on hand and demand deposits Cash equivalents: short term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value. Operating activities: the principal revenue-producing activities of the enterprise and other activities that are not investing or financing activities Investing activities: the acquisition and disposal of long-term assets and other investments not included in cash equivalents. Financing activities: activities that result in changes in the size and composition of the equity capital and borrowings of the enterprise (Epstein, p. 93). Objective and Scope of IAS 7 Information about the cash flow of an enterprise is useful in providing users of financial statements with a basis to assess the ability of the enterprise to generate cash and cash equivalents and the needs of the enterprise to utilize those cash flows. The economic decision taken by users requires an evaluation of the ability of an enterprise to generate cash and cash equivalents and timing and certainty of their generation. The objective of IAS 7 is to require the provision of information about the historical change in cash and cash equivalents of an enterprise by means of a cash flow statement that classifies cash flows during the period from operating, investing and financing activities. An enterprise should prepare a cash flow statement in accordance with the requirements of IAS 7 and should present it as an integral part of its financial statements for each period for which financial statements are prepared. Users of an enterprise’s financial statements are interested in how the enterprise generates and uses cash and cash equivalents. This is the case regardless of the nature of the enterprise activities and irrespective of whether cash can be viewed 214 ASA University Review, Vol. 6 No. 2, July–December, 2012 as the product of the enterprise, as may be the case with a financial institution. Enterprises need cash for the same reason however different their principal revenue- producing activities might be. They need cash to conduct their operations, to pay their obligations and to provide return to the investors. Accordingly this standard requires all enterprises to present a cash flow (Para 1 3). Presentation of Cash flow statement under IAS 7 Cash and cash equivalent: The definition of cash and cash equivalent are central to the preparation and interpretation of cash flow statements. Cash consists of cash in hand and demand deposits, coins and notes of an organization, etc. In our country deposits in postal accounts may be termed as cash (Cooper and Ijiri, 1984: 88; Ghosh, 2001). Cash equivalents are short-term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible into known amount of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of change in value. According to the definitions of paragraph 6 of IAS 7 cash comprises cash in hand and demand deposits; usually ‘cash on hand’ includes currency, notes, and coin in the cash box of the enterprise. It also includes prize bond, negotiable money orders, postal orders, and under posited checks, bank drafts or pay- order. Demand deposits refer to deposits in checking accounts in banks and other financial institutions that may be withdrawn without notice usually subject to deduction of outstanding check. Thus cash equivalents – 1. are short-term investments but the ‘term’ ‘short’ not clearly specified, although a period of three months and less is suggested to be taken as short term period. 2. are highly liquid investments. Here ‘liquid’ means having in a situation where cash equivalents are available in sufficient amount to meet obligation of payments. . are investments that are both: (a) readily convertible, to known amounts of cash and (b) subject to an insignificant risk of change in value. According to SFAC No. 95, the risk categorically refers to risk of change in interest rate. The short-term investments are so near their maturity that they represent insignificant risk of changes in interest rate. Examples include treasury bills, commercial papers, a nd money market funds purchased with cash that is in excess of immediate needs. However, although by definition, cash equivalents refer to short term highly liquid investments, they are usually held for the purpose of meeting short term cash commitments rather than for other purpose. For an investment to qualify as a cash equivalent it must be readily convertible to a known amount of cash and be subject to insignificant risk of change in value. Therefore an investment normally qualifies as a cash equivalent only when it has a short maturity of, say, three months and less from the date of acquisition. Equity nvestments are excluded from the cash equivalents unless they are, in substance, cash equivalents, for example in the case of preferred share acquired within a short period of their maturity and with a specified redemption date (Para 7). Cash Flow Statement Disclosures in Pharmaceutical Companies 215 Preparation of Cash flow statements IAS 7 requires cash flows to be classified into operating, investing, and financing activities. Example of cash flows by cate gory Operating Activities Inflows Receipts from customers Outflows Payments to suppliers Advance deposits from customers Wages and salaries to employees Income tax refunds Income tax payments Interest received on customers’ notes or Other tax payments accounts Dividends and interest received from Interest paid on bank debt or bonds outstanding and investments and included in determining net included in determining net income income Investing Activities Cash received from sale of capital assets Payments for purchase of capital assets Cash from sale of debt or equity investments Cash flows capitalized as intangible assets, such as:  · development costs  · start-up costs  · capitalized interest  · exploration Costs Collection of principal on loans to others Purchase of debt or equity securities of others Interest and dividends received on investments Loans extended to others and not included in determining net income Financing Activities Net proceed of issuing debt or equity securities Payment of principal on bonds or bank loans Cash proceeds received from ba nk loans Purchase of the entity’s own shares Interest paid on bank debt or bonds outstanding and not included in determining net income Dividends paid to shareholders Variations in Reporting activities for Cash flows A. Operating or Financing activities Transactions with different categories included in cash flows are classified in a different manner. According to IAS 7, Para 12, â€Å"A single transaction may include cash flows that are classified differently. For example, when the cash repayment of a loan includes both interest and capital the interest element may be classified as operating activities and the capital amount is classified as financing activities†. B. Operating or investing and financing activities Some cash flows may be classified as arising from any activities such as ‘interest’, ‘dividend’ ‘income tax’. The detailed provisions of these types are as follows. 216 ASA University Review, Vol. 6 No. 2, July–December, 2012 Interest: a. For a financial institution, interest paid and interest received are usually classified as operating cash flows (para 33). b. For other enterprise, interest paid and interest received may be classified as operating cash flows because they enter into the determination of net profit or loss. Alternatively, interest paid may be classified as financing cash flows, because they are costs of obtaining financial resources. Interest received may be classified as investing cash flows, because they are returns on investments (para 33). Dividend: a. For a financial institution, dividends received are usually classified as operating cash flow (Para 33). b. For other enterprise, dividends received may be classified as operating cash flows because they enter into the determination of net profit or loss. Alternatively dividend received may be classified as investing cash flows, because they are returns on investments (para 33). c. Dividend paid may be classified as financing cash flows, because they are costs of obtaining financial resources. Alternatively dividend paid may be classified as component of cash flows from operating activities in order to assist users to determine the ability of an enterprise to pay dividend out of operating cash flows (para 34). Income tax: a. Taxes on income arise on a transaction that gives to the cash flows that are classified as operating, investing, and financing activities in cash flow statement. While tax expense may be readily identifiable with investing or financing activities, the related tax cash flows are often impracticable to identify and may arise in a different period from the cash flows of the underlying transactions. Therefore taxes paid are usually classified as cash flows from operating activities. However, often it is practicable to identify the tax cash flow within individual transaction that gives rise to cash flows that are classified as investing or financing activity as appropriate. When tax cash flows are allocated over more than one class of activity, the total amount of taxes paid is disclosed (Para 36). In the light of SFAS 95, â€Å"Transaction that enter into the determination of net income† are defined as operating activities and hence, interest received or paid, dividend received and taxes on income are rigidly treated to arise from operating activities. Dividend to stakeholders are treated as cash outflows classified as financing activities (Keiso and Weygandt, 1998: 1275-76) Cash flow statement Practices in Bangladesh Regulatory Framework, in the eyes of the Companies Act 1994 (Act no. 18 of 1994): According to Section 183 of the Companies’ Act 1994 (which came into effect from 1 January 1995), a company is required to present balance sheet, profit and loss account (income and expenditure account, in case of non profit companies). Under section 185, the balance sheet and the income statement have to be prepared according to the forms set out in Part –1 and Part –2 of Schedule XI respectively under which information on consecutive two years (concerned year and Cash Flow Statement Disclosures in Pharmaceutical Companies 217 preceding year) are to be provided. However according to note (g) of the general instruction for preparation of balance sheet (given in part –1 of schedule XI after the horizontal format of the balance sheet), â€Å"a statement of change in financial position shall be included as an integral part of the financial statements, and shall be presented for each period for which the profit and loss account is prepared†. However no specific format of cash flow statement has been prescribed in Companies Act 1994. In the light of the Security and Exchange Rule 1987 (S. R. O No. 237-l/87 dated on 28 September 1987): Under the provision of rule 12 (1) of the Securities and Exchanges Rules (SER) 1987(amended by the section notification No. SEC/ Section 7/SER/03/132 dated 22 october1997 published in the official gazette on 29 December 1997), the annual report to be furnished by an issuer of listed security shall include â€Å"a balance sheet, profit and loss account, cash flow statement and notes to the accounts collectively hereinafter referred to as the financial statement’. In the part III of the Schedule of the SER 1987, issues relating to interest paid on short-term borrowing, interest and dividend received income taxes are clearly guidelined. For example, interest paid on short-term borrowing shall be a cash outflow under operating activities; ‘interest and dividend received’ shall be a cash inflow under investing activities. And ‘interest paid on long term borrowing’ and ‘dividend paid’ shall be a cash outflow under financing activities. Under paragraph 35-36, ‘taxes on income’ should be treated as operating cash outflow unless they can be identified in financing and investing activities. Findings of the study To know the extent of cash flows statement reporting practices by Pharmaceutical companies, a survey has been conducted covering twelve annual reports (2009) (For detailed the name of the companies see Appendix-1). The major findings of the study are given below in terms of general variations in reporting and voluntary disclosure. General findings It includes the current format and structure of cash flow statement and the extent of compliance of IAS-7, followed by sample Pharmaceutical Companies in Bangladesh. All the sample companies prepare cash flow statement as required by IAS-7/BAS 7 adopted by the Institute of Chartered Accountant of Bangladesh and present it as an integral part of the financial statements. Notes to cash flow statement have been presented as part of the financial statements i n case of all the sample companies.  · The sample companies prepare cash flow statement in vertical form and shows figure of cash flows of the current year and the previous year.  · All the sample companies’ cash flow statement contains a classification of operational, investing, and financing activities.  · The sample companies did not illustrate the policy dopted in determining the formulation of cash and cash equivalents although this is required by paragraph 36 of IAS 7. 218 ASA University Review, Vol. 6 No. 2, July–December, 2012 Variation in Reporting Another objective of the survey was to determine which alternatives, permitted by IAS-7, are used most in practice by Bangladeshi pharmaceutical companies. It is found that there are not many differences between companies in their reporting of cash flow information. This is expected because the preparation of cash flow statement does not allow for many choices, differences of interpretation or different accoun ting treatments. The results are set out in table 1. Table-1 Variations in reporting [Cash flow statement (CFS)] Factors 1 Notes to CFS Options Separately, following the CFS Part of the notes to the financial statements Incorporated in the CFS Total Direct method Indirect method Total Operating activities or no interest Financing Investing activities Total Financing activities or no dividends Operating activities Investing activities Total Part of accounting policy note Nothing disclosed Total Operating activities or no tax Financing activities Investing activities Total Number of companies 0 12 0 12 12 0 12 12 0 0 12 12 0 0 12 12 0 12 12 0 0 12 2 Operating activities 3 Interest received and Interest paid 4 Dividend received and Dividend paid 5 Definition of cash and cash equivalents 6 Income tax Notes to table 1  · Refer to point 2 of Table 1. According to IAS-7 and SEC Rule 1987, the enterprises are encouraged to report cash flows from operating activities using the direct method. The direct method provides information which may be useful in estimating future cash flows which is not available under the indirect method. All the sample companies followed the direct method in reporting operating cash flows. One company (Pharmaceutical Mithun Knitting Dyeing Ltd. ) discloses cash flows from operating activities under indirect method in notes of financial statements as additional information. Cash Flow Statement Disclosures in Pharmaceutical Companies  ·  · 219 Refer to points 3 4 of Table 1. All the companies studied have shown ‘interest received and paid’ under operating activities and ‘interest paid on long term borrowing’ and ‘dividend paid’ under financing activities. Refer to points 5 6 of Table 1. All the companies studied have shown â€Å"definition of cash and cash equivalents† in the notes of accounting policy and â€Å"income tax† under operating activities. Voluntary disclosure The survey also included an examination of any additional information that is disclosed regarding the company’s cash flow which is not required by IAS-7, but which may be helpful to the user. For example, separate disclosure of cash flows increases operating capacity and cash flows that maintain operating capacity, disclosure of segmental cash flows, cash flow per share etc. The survey found no company to disclose such additional voluntary information in its cash flow statement. Conclusion and Recommendation A materially misstated cash flow statement, whether it is in terms of incorrect classification in the categories or numerical accuracy, can be misleading to the user and can lead to wrong decisions taken by the users of the statement. The survey has revealed that although sample companies prepare cash flow statement according to International Accounting Standard-7 (BAS-7), there is also a degree of non-compliance. It is, however, found that there are not many differences between companies in their reporting of cash flow information. This is expected because the preparation of cash flow statement does not allow for many choices, differences of interpretation or different accounting treatments. To make cash flow statement more informative and useful for users, the companies should disclose additional voluntary information such as cash flow per share in their cash flow statements. Items consisting of cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities should also be clarified in the notes of the financial statements. Due to the limited scope of the present study, a large number of research issues have not been attempted but are identified in the course of the study. Disclosure practices of additional items other than operating, investing and financing activities, disclosure practices differences between listed and unlisted companies, disclosure practices differences between financial and other institutions are some such potential issues for future research. 220 ASA University Review, Vol. 6 No. 2, July–December, 2012 References Annual Reports of Sample Pharmaceutical Companies Listed in Dhaka Stock Exchange and Chittagong Stock Exchange 2009. Aziz Uddin, A. B. M and Bala. , S. K. ( 2001), â€Å"Cash Flow Reporting in Bangladesh†, The Cost Management, Nov- Dec. ICMAB, p. 13. FASB Discussion Memorandum (1980), Reporting Funds Flow, Liquidity and Financial Flexibility, FASB, Stanford. Thomas H. Beechy. Joan E. D. Conrod, Intermediate Accounting, second Edition, Chpter 5, Exhibit 5-1 pp. 91 Ghosh, Santi N. (2001),â€Å"Workshop Material on IAS # 7 : Cash Flow Statements† compiled under the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh (ICAB)Project, Development of Accounting and Auditing Standards in Bangladesh, The World Bank. Government of Bangladesh (GOB) (1994), The Companies Act 1994 (Act No. 18 of 1994). Gup, B. E. Samson, W. D. 1993. An analysis of patterns from the statement of cash flows. Financial Practice Education, 3(2):73-79. Hendrickson, Eldom. S(1982), Accounting Theory, Richard D. Irwin, Inc. , Illinois, p. 236. Hertenstein, J. McKinnon, S. 1997. Solving the puzzle of the cash flow statement. Business Horizons, 40(1):69-76. International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) (2000), International Accounting Standards 2000 International Accounting Standards Committee, London, â€Å"International Accounting Standard IAS 7 (revised 1992): Cash Flow Statements† in pp. 139165. International Federation of Accounting (IFAC) (1992), IFAC Handbook 1992: Technical Pronouncements (New York: IFAC). â€Å"IAS 7 (October 1977): Statement of Changes in Financial Position† in pp. 812- 816. Khan, M. H. Akter, M. S. Ghosh, S. K (2005), â€Å"Cash Flow Statement Disclosures: A Study of Banking Companies in Bangladesh†. Available at www. pcte. edu. in/site/OJMR/Finance/cashflow. pdf Keiso, Donald, E. and Jerry. J. Weygandt (1998), Intermediate Accounting, John Wiley Sons, Inc. New York, 9th Edition, pp. 1275-76. Lee, T. A. 1982. Cash flow accounting and the allocation problem. Journal of Business Finance Accounting, 9(3):341-352. Lee, T. A (1972), â€Å"A Case for Cash Flow Reporting†, Journal of Business Finance, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 27-36 as quoted in Studies of Accounting Theory, Steyn, B. W. Hamman, W. D. 2003. Cash flow reporting: are listed companies complying with AC 118? Meditari, 11:167-180. Weygandt, Kieso, Kimmel, Accounting Principles, 9th edition, John, Wilely and Sons, Inc, pp. 732-733 Wallace, R. S. O. and Choudhury, M. S. I. And Pendelbary, M. 1997), â€Å"Cash Flow Statements: An International Comparison of Regulatory Positions†, The International Journal of Accounting, Vol. 32, No, 1, pp. 1-22 Cash Flow Statement Disclosures in Pharmaceutical Companies 221 Appendix-1 List of the twelve Pharmaceutical companies studied. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Gla xcoSmithKline Bangladesh Limited (2009) The IBN SINA Pharmaceutical Industry Ltd. (2009) BEXIMCO PHARMACEUTICAL LTD. (2009) ORION INFUSION LTD. (2009) ACI Formulation Limited (2009) Ambee Pharmaceutical Limited (2009) Square Pharmaceutical Ltd. (2009) Libra Infusions Limited (2009) BEACOM Pharmaceuticals Limited (2009) Rahman Chemicals Limited (2009) Renata Limited (2009) Therapeutics (Bangladesh) Limited (2009)

Aristotle Essay -- Happiness Virtue

Aristotle believes that happiness is the ultimate goal in life. You can’t reach happiness unless you work hard and become successful. That is where virtue comes into play. A human’s function is to engage in â€Å"an activity of the soul which is in accordance with virtue† and which â€Å"is in conformity with reason† (page 76, Palmer). The two kinds of virtue are intellectual and moral. Our virtues are what make us all individual and all different. Intellectual virtues are what we are born with and what we learn. It is our nature as humans and what we have inherited that makes desire to learn. As humans, we develop wisdom to help guide us to a good life. With the intellectual virtue you develop two different kinds of wisdom: practical and philosophical. Practical wisdom is your rational actions. The highest virtue is philosophical wisdom, which is scientific, disinterested, and contemplative. Moral virtues are what we learn from imitation, practice and our habits we developed. Moral virtues are what we have learned from our society. â€Å"Neither by nature, then, nor contrary to nature do the virtues arise in us; rather we are adapted by nature to receive them, and are made perfect by habit† (page 223, Mayfield). This quote is explaining how you need both the intellectual virtue (nature) and the moral virtue (habit). The soul is made up of three things: passions, faculties, and states of character. Since virtue is in our soul one of the three must be it. Passions are uncontrolled feelings ...

Samsung Marketing Plan

Samsung Background Samsung is a Korean company that has risen to prominence in many fields over the years. The size and the scope of the company is almost unimaginable, as they are one of the largest and most diverse companies in the world. While the company is mostly known for their technology division (cell phones, radios, MP3 players, computer screens, and the like) they have many other divisions as well. The company has expanded from a humble storefront launched in the late 1930s to the largest company in Korea and the second largest company in the world.Samsung Group, was founded in 1938 by Byung-Chull Lee, a celebrated Korean entrepreneur. Lee started a small trading company with a $2,000 nest egg and 40 employees. He called it Samsung, which means ‘three stars' in Korean. The company enjoyed moderate growth before the Communist invasion in 1950 forced Lee to abandon his operations in Seoul. Lee established a sugar refinery in 1953, a move that was criticized at the time because sugar could be easily obtained through American aid.But for Lee, the act was important because it was the first manufacturing facility built in South Korea after the Korean War. From sugar, wool, and other commodity businesses, Lee moved into heavier manufacturing. The company prospered under Lee's philosophy of making Samsung the leader in each industry he entered. In addition to the electronics division, which is the most profitable and successful one in the world, the company also has forayed into finance, chemicals, retail, and straight-up entertainment – all with great degrees of success.The company employs many of South Korea's finest employees, including many with PHD level education. This is not surprising, seeing as the company's assets total somewhere around $300 billion. The company has some of the most loyal employees around and many work every day – that means no holiday time off or weekends — both because they want to and it is expected. Sa msung as A Learning Organization A learning organization have five component of knowledge management, there are : Culture and Trust; Knowledge Worker; Supporting Facilities;

Kinesthetic learning Essay

Kinesthetic learning is also known as tactile learning. People with a preference for kinesthetic learning are also commonly known as â€Å"do-ers†. Tactile/kinesthetic learners make up about five percent of the population. Auditory learners Reading- or writing-preference learners Kinesthetic learners Contents 1 History 2 Characteristics 3 Classification 4 Lack of evidence 5 References 6 External links History Kinesthetic intelligence was originally coupled with tactile abilities, and was defined and discussed in Howard Gardner’s Frames Of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. In his book, Gardner describes activities (such as dancing and performing surgery) as requiring great kinesthetic intelligence: using the body to create (or do) something. Margaret H’Doubler wrote and spoke about kinesthetic learning during the 1940s, defining kinesthetic learning as the human body’s ability to express itself through movement and dance. Characteristics Question book-new.svg This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2010) According to the theory of learning styles, students who have a predominantly kinesthetic style are thought to be discovery learners: they have realisation through doing, rather than thinking before initiating action. They may struggle to learn by reading or listening. When learning, it helps for these students to move around; this increases the students’ understanding, with learners generally getting better marks in exams when they can do so. Kinesthetic learners usually succeed in activities such as chemistry experiments, sporting activities, art and acting; It is common for kinesthetic learners to focus on two different things at the same time, remembering things in relation to what they were doing. They possess good eye–hand coordination. In kinesthetic learning, learning occurs by the learner using their body to express a thought, an idea or a concept (in any field). In an elementary classroom setting, these students may stand out because of their need to move; their high energy levels may cause them to be agitated, restless or impatient. Kinesthetic learners’ short- and long-term memories are strengthened by their use of movement. Classification Rita Dunn contends that kinesthetic and tactile learning are the same style.[3] Galeet BenZion asserts that kinesthetic and tactile learning are separate learning styles, with different characteristics. She defined kinesthetic learning as the process that results in new knowledge (or understanding) with the involvement of the learner’s body movement. This movement is performed to establish new (or extending existing) knowledge. Kinesthetic learning at its best, BenZion found, is established when the learner uses language (their own words) in order to define, explain, resolve and sort out how his or her body’s movement reflects the concept explored. One example is a student using movement to find out the sum of 1/2 plus 3/4 via movement, then explaining how their motions in space reflect the  mathematical process leading to the correct answer. Lack of evidence Although the concept of learning styles is popular among educators in some countries (and children and adults express preferences for particular modes of learning), there is no evidence that identifying a student’s learning style produces better outcomes; on the contrary, there is substantial evidence that the meshing hypothesis (that a student will learn best if taught in a method deemed appropriate for the student’s learning style) is invalid. Well-designed studies â€Å"flatly contradict the popular meshing hypothesis†. Proponents state that the evidence related to kinesthetic learners benefiting from specialized instruction (or targeted materials) appears mixed at best; the diagnosis of kinesthetic and tactile learning is coupled (rather than isolated), and teachers are likely to misdiagnose students’ learning styles. On the other hand, studies do show that mixed-modality presentations (for instance, using auditory and visual techniques) improve results in a variety of subjects. Instruction that stimulates more than auditory learning (for example, kinesthetic learning) is more likely to enhance learning in a heterogeneous student population.

A journey to banish evil essays

A journey to banish evil essays A long, taxing journey awaits an unknowing hobbit, who is destined to destroy the one ring of power. In the movie The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring directed by Peter Jackson, the main character is Frodo Baggins, an young hobbit, who is interested in adventure, and ready to go with his favorite hobbit, Bilbo on all of his adventures. The movie is based on a certain ring, which happens to be the ring that controls the 19 other rings. This one ring is known as the ring of power. When the original owner was killed the ring was lost for many years. The ring wants to be returned to its owner. When the ring is given to Frodo by Bilbo, he embarks upon a quest to return the ring to its home, where it was created, so it can be destroyed. Frodo goes on this quest and completes many small cycles of leave and return, just getting to the main belly of the beast. In Peter Jacksons The Fellowship of the Ring, Frodo goes on an archetypal mythic journey by accepting the quest, separating from home, and descending into the underworld, or the unknown to show that any person out of a crowd could banish evil. Frodo strates bravery when he accepts the quest of taking the ring to Rivendale. Frodo shows this bravery by leaving his hobbit hole. Frodo does not really know what he is getting himself into, but he sticks with the quest even though he is hesitant. Frodo is willing to sacrifice anything to complete his quest. Frodo accepts another quest when, in Rivendale, he steps up to take the ring the rest of the way. Frodo sees the eye, and knows that has taken on a great quest, but still agrees to complete the quest. This is one way Frodo completes the archetypal story circle. Frodo separates from the Shire when him and Sam walk into the farmland. This is not too hard on him, and he shows that he is spiritually strong, by continuing on. Later, another separation occurs when Sam and Frodo fall into the forest. This coul...

Worst Ways to Remove a Tick

Worst Ways to Remove a Tick Is there anything worse than finding a tick embedded in your skin? Besides the ick factor, tick bites are a definite cause for concern, because many ticks transmit disease-causing pathogens. In general, the faster you remove the tick, the less your chance of getting Lyme disease or other tick-borne illnesses. Unfortunately, theres a lot of bad information being shared about how to remove ticks from your skin. Some people swear that these methods work, but scientific studies have proven them wrong. If you have a tick embedded in your skin, please read carefully. These are the 5 worst ways to remove a tick. Burn It With a Hot Match Why people think it works: The working theory here is that if you hold something hot against the ticks body, it will become so uncomfortable it will let go and flee. Dr. Glen Needham of Ohio State University found that holding a hot match against an embedded tick did nothing to convince the tick to let go. Needham also noted that this tick removal strategy actually increases your risk of pathogen exposure. Heating the tick can cause it to rupture, increasing your exposure to any diseases it may carry. Also, heat makes the tick salivate, and sometimes even regurgitate, again increasing your exposure to pathogens in the ticks body. And do I need to mention that you can burn yourself trying to hold a hot match against a tiny tick on your skin? Smother It With Petroleum Jelly Why people think it works: If you completely cover the tick with something thick and gooey like petroleum jelly, it wont be able to breathe and will have to back out to keep from suffocating. This is an interesting idea that has some basis in reality, since ticks breathe via spiracles and not their mouths. But whoever hatched this theory didnt have a complete understanding of tick physiology. Ticks, according to Needham, have extremely slow respiration rates. When a tick is moving about, it may only breathe 15 times in an hour; while resting comfortably on a host, doing nothing more than feeding, it breathes as little as 4 times per hour. So smothering it with petroleum jelly could take a very long time. Its a lot quicker to simply pluck the tick off with tweezers. Coat It With Nail Polish Why people think it works: This folklore method follows the same reasoning as the petroleum jelly technique. If you completely cover the tick in nail polish, it will start to suffocate and give up its grip. Smothering a tick with nail polish is just as ineffective, if not more so. Needham determined  that once the nail polish hardened, the tick became immobilized and was therefore unable to retreat from the host. If you coat a tick with nail polish, you are simply securing it in place. Pour Rubbing Alcohol on It Why people think it works: Maybe because they read it in Readers Digest? Were not sure of their source for this tidbit, but Readers Digest has claimed ticks hate the taste of rubbing alcohol. Perhaps they think a tick doused in rubbing alcohol will loosen its grip in order to spit and cough in disgust? However, rubbing alcohol isnt without merit when it comes to removing ticks. It is good practice to clean the affected area with rubbing alcohol to prevent infection of the tick bite wound. But that, according to Dr. Needham, is the sole benefit of putting rubbing alcohol on a tick. It does nothing to convince the tick to go. Unscrew It Why people think it works: The theory here is that by grabbing and twisting the tick, it will somehow be forced to lose its grip and pop free of your skin. Dr. Elisa McNeill of Texas AM University has an amusing retort for this tick removal method – tick mouthparts are not threaded (like screws)! You cannot unscrew a tick. The reason a tick can maintain such a good hold on your skin is because it has lateral barbs extending from its mouthparts to anchor it in place. Hard ticks also produce a cement of sorts to fasten themselves down. So all that twisting isnt going to get you anywhere. If you twist an embedded tick, you will most likely succeed in separating its body from its head, and the head will remain stuck in your skin where it can become infected. Now that you know the wrong ways to remove ticks, learn how to remove a tick safely and effectively (from the Centers for Disease Control). Or better yet, follow these  tips for avoiding ticks so you never have to remove one from your skin. Sources Evaluation of Five Popular Methods of Tick Removal, Glen R. Needham, Ph.D., Ohio State University. Journal of Pediatrics, Vol. 75, No. 6, June 1985.Physicians Guide to Arthropods of Medical Importance, 6th edition, by Jerome Goddard.Tick Removal, Centers for Disease Control website. Accessed online May 27, 2014.Ticks and Tick Bites, Dr. Elisa McNeill, Texas AM University. Accessed online May 27, 2014.Tick Bits, Kansas State University. Accessed online May 27, 2014.